Now the organic chemistry experiments used in glass instruments, metal appliances, electrical instruments and some other equipment are introduced as follows:

　　1, glass instruments

　　Organic experimental glass instruments (see Figure 2.1, Figure 2.2), according to its mouth plug whether the standard and grinding, and divided into standard grinding instruments and ordinary instruments two categories. The standard grinding mouth instrument can be interconnected, the use of both time-saving and convenient and tight security, it will gradually replace similar ordinary instruments. The use of glass instruments should be lightly held and placed. Easy to slide instruments (such as round bottom flasks), do not overlap placed to avoid breaking.

　　Except for a few glass instruments such as test tubes and beakers, they generally cannot be heated directly by fire. Conical flask is not pressure-resistant, can not be used for decompression. Thick-walled glassware (such as filter bottles) is not heat-resistant, so it can not be heated. Wide mouth containers (such as beakers) can not store volatile organic solvents. Glassware with a piston used after washing, the piston and the grinding mouth should be padded with paper to prevent sticking. If it has been stuck in the grinding mouth around the lubricant or organic solvent coated with a hair dryer after blowing hot air, or boiled in water and then knocked with a wooden block to loosen the plug.

　　In addition, the thermometer can not be used as a stirring rod, and can not be used to measure the temperature beyond the scale range. The thermometer should be slowly cooled after use can not be immediately rinsed with cold water to avoid frying.

　　Organic chemistry experiments, it is best to use the standard grinding mouth of the glass apparatus. This instrument can be interconnected with the same number of grinding mouth, that is, to eliminate the need to match the plug and drilling and other procedures, but also to avoid the reaction or product is tainted by the cork or rubber stopper. The size of the standard mill mouth glass instruments caliber, usually with a numerical number to indicate that the number is the plug (or rubber stopper) tainted. The size of the standard mill mouth glass instruments caliber, usually expressed in numerical numbers, the number refers to the mill mouth diameter of the largest end of the millimeter integer. Commonly used are 10, 14, 19, 24, 29, 34, 40, 50, etc.. Sometimes two sets of numbers are also used, with the other set of numbers indicating the length of the mill. For example, 14/30, that the maximum diameter of the grinding mouth for 14mm, grinding mouth length of 30mm. the same number of grinding mouth, grinding plug can be closely connected. Sometimes two glass instruments, due to different grinding mouth number can not be directly connected, then you can use a different number of grinding mouth connector (or called the size of the head) [see Figure 2.2 (9)] to make the connection.

　　When using the standard mouth glass instruments note that:

　　(1) the grinding mouth must be clean, if stuck with solid debris, will make the grinding mouth docking does not tightly lead to air leakage. If there are hard debris, it will damage the grinding mouth.

　　(2) should be disassembled and cleaned after use. Otherwise, if placed for a long time, the connection of the grinding mouth often sticky, difficult to disassemble.

　　(3) The general purpose of the grinding mouth without lubricant, so as not to stain the reaction or products. If there is strong alkali in the reaction, it should be coated with lubricant, so as to avoid the connection of the mill mouth from sticking due to alkali corrosion and cannot be disassembled. When distillation under reduced pressure, the mill mouth should be coated with vacuum grease to avoid air leakage.

　　(4) the installation of standard grinding mouth glass apparatus, should pay attention to the correct, neat and stable, so that the grinding mouth connection is not skewed stress, otherwise it is easy to break the instrument, especially when heated, the instrument is heated, the stress is greater.

　　2、Metal appliances

　　Organic experiments commonly used in metal appliances are: iron frame, iron clamps, iron ring, tripod, water bath, tweezers, scissors, triangle file, round file, press plug machine, perforator, water vapor generator, gas lamp, stainless steel scraper, lifting table, etc.

　　3, electrical instruments and small electromechanical equipment

　　(1) electric hair dryer

　　Electric hair dryer used in the laboratory should be able to blow cold and hot air for drying glass instruments. Should be put in a dry place, moisture, corrosion prevention. Regularly add lubricating oil

　　(2) electric heating set (or called electric heating cap)

　　It is a glass fiber wrapped with electric heating wire woven into the cap-shaped heater (see Figure 2.3), heating and distillation of easily dyed organic matter, because it is not an open flame, so it has the advantage of not easy to cause a fire, thermal efficiency is also high. Heating temperature control with a regulating transformer, the highest temperature can reach about 400 ℃, is a simple and safe heating device in the organic test. The volume of the heating jacket is generally matched with the volume of the flask, from 50mL onwards, and various specifications are available. The electric heating jacket is mainly used as the heat source for reflux heating. When using it for distillation or decompression distillation, as the distillation proceeds, the material in the flask gradually decreases, when using electric heating set heating, it will make the flask wall overheat, causing the distillate to be scorched phenomenon. If you choose a large electric heating set, in the distillation process, constantly reduce the height of the lifting pad electric heating set, it will reduce the scorching phenomenon.

　　(3) Rotary evaporator

　　Rotary evaporator is driven with the motor can rotate the evaporator (round bottom flask) condenser and receiver composition (see Figure 2.4), can be operated under atmospheric pressure or reduced pressure, can be a feed, can also be divided into aspirated evaporation material liquid. Due to the continuous rotation of the evaporator, it can be free from adding zeolite without boiling. When the evaporator rotates, it will make the evaporation surface of the material liquid increase greatly and speed up the evaporation speed. Therefore, it is an ideal device for concentrating solution and recovering solvent.

　　(4)Regulating transformer

　　Voltage regulating transformer is a device to adjust the power supply voltage, often used to adjust the temperature of heating electric furnace, adjust the speed of electric stirring rotary evaporator mixer, etc.. When using should pay attention to:

　　① power supply should be connected to the terminals indicated as input, the output terminal and the stirrer or electric furnace, etc. wire connection, do not connect the wrong. At the same time, the transformer should be well grounded.

　　② Adjust the knob evenly and slowly to prevent sparks and carbon brush contact point damage caused by violent friction. If the carbon brush wear larger should be replaced.

　　③Do not allow long-term overload to prevent burning or shorten the use period.

　　④The carbon brush and the contact surface of the winding group should be kept clean and the dust should be wiped off with a soft cloth frequently.

　　⑤The knob should be set back to zero after use, and cut off the power supply, and put it in a dry and ventilated place, not near corrosive objects.

　　(5) Electric stirrer

　　Electric stirrer (or small motor with regulating transformer) in organic experiments for stirring. Generally suitable for oil and water solutions or solid-liquid reactions. Not suitable for over-viscous gelatinous solution. If overloaded, it is easy to heat up and burned. Use must be connected to the ground. Usually should pay attention to often keep clean and dry, moisture and corrosion prevention. Bearings should be frequently oiled to maintain lubrication.

　　(6) Magnetic stirrer

　　By a glass or plastic sealed soft iron (called magnetic bar) and a rotatable magnet composition. The magnetic bar is put into the container with the reaction material to be stirred, and the container is placed on the stirrer tray with a rotating magnetic field inside. When the power is turned on, the magnetic field changes due to the rotation of the internal magnet, and the magnetic bar inside the container rotates to achieve the purpose of stirring. The general magnetic stirrer (such as 79-1 magnetic stirrer) has a knob to control the rotational speed of the magnet and a heating device to control the temperature.

　　(7) Oven

　　The oven is used to dry glass instruments or drying non-corrosive, non-decomposable items when heated. Volatile flammable materials or just use alcohol, acetone drenching glass instruments should not be placed in the oven to avoid explosions.

　　Oven instructions: After connecting the power supply, you can turn on the heating switch, and then the temperature control knob from "0" bit clockwise rotation to a certain degree (depending on the oven model), at this time, the oven is beginning to warm up, the red indicator light. If there is a blower, you can turn on the blower switch, so that the blower work. When the thermometer rises to the working temperature (by the top of the oven thermometer readings observed) is about to control the temperature knob slowly rotate back in the counterclockwise direction, rotate to the light just went out. In the light is alternating between bright and off that is the constant temperature fixed point. General drying glass instruments should be drained first, no water dripping down before putting in the oven, heating, temperature control at about 100-120 ℃. Laboratory oven is a common instrument, to the oven when the glass instruments should be placed in order from top to bottom to avoid residual water droplets flowing down to the lower layer has been baked hot glass instruments fried. Take out the drying instrument, the application of dry cloth lining hands to prevent burns. Can not touch the water after taking out, to prevent frying. After taking out the hot glassware, if left to cool on their own, the walls of the vessel will often condense on the water gas. Electric blowers can be used to blow into the cold air to help it cool, in order to reduce the wall condensation of water gas.